Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā transistors a me nā kaapuni i hoʻohui ʻia a me ka miniaturization o nā ʻāpana like ʻole a me nā mea hana, ke hoʻomohala nei ke ʻano o ke keʻena i ke kuhikuhi o ka miniaturization a me nā poloka kūkulu. I kēia mau lā, hoʻohana maʻamau ʻia nā pā kila lahilahi, nā kiʻi kila o nā ʻano cross-sectional like ʻole, nā profiles aluminika, a me nā ʻenekini ʻenekinia like ʻole e like me nā mea ʻoihana waihona pūnaewele. Ma waho aʻe o ka hoʻopili ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana, hoʻohana pū ke kiʻi o ka hale waihona pūnaewele i nā kaʻina hana hoʻopaʻa.
ʻO kā mākou hui ka nui o nā keʻena kikowaena, nā keʻena i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka paia, nā keʻena pūnaewele, nā keʻena maʻamau, nā keʻena pale naʻauao waho, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, me ka mana ma waena o 2U a me 42U. Hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia nā casters a me nā wāwae kākoʻo i ka manawa like, a hiki ke wehe maʻalahi nā puka ʻaoʻao hema a me nā puka mua a me hope.
